When looking at real-world adoption for blockchain technology the largest markets that would capture significant benefits from this technology are financial institutions, multinationals and governments. Yet they experience significant obstacles commercially, operationally and regulatory that prevents them from jumping from a centralised to a fully decentralised technology.
They need to shift, not jump, to better manage the risk, compliance and the challenges that blockchain integration brings internally and through their chains of influence.
They need the benefits of a private permissioned network, but they also need to access the benefits that a public blockchain offers, specifically immutability.
Embracing a hybrid model allows the best of both blockchains.
This article will provide an introduction to hybrid blockchain and highlight why it may become the blockchain of choice for governments, financial institutions and larger multinational organizations.
As a starting point, it is important to understand that one of the core elements that make up blockchain actually came from a hybrid solution for digital time stamping of documents – decentralised hash verification. This was developed in 1991, 18 years before Bitcoin and blockchain.
Recently I attended the Blockchain Economy World Tour in Sydney where Dr W.Scott Stornetta, shared with the audience what his ‘aha’ moment was in developing digital timestamping, one of the core components of bitcoin.
For those of you not familiar with Digital Time Stamping, it was developed back in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W.Scott Stornetta, who is now the Chief Scientist for First Digital Capital. Their work on digital time stamping was referenced three times in Satoshi Nakamoto’s white paper on Bitcoin:
In Scott’s presentation he referred to his ‘aha’ moment that led to their invention of decentralized public verification and timestamping time stamping as “letting the world become your witness”. He went on to explain that if you are not sure who to trust in a centralised controlled environment then the best protection would be to invite the public at large to verify that this transaction took place.
This decentralised public verification and timestamping of a generated hash is one of the core components of bitcoin and subsequently blockchain.
Another key observation regarding Dr. Stornetta’s work is that public verification was used to publicly verify a hash that was generated on a private network. This was 1991, and his work pre-dated the development of blockchain.
Satoshi Nakamoto incorporated decentralised public verification into a decentralised currency, bitcoin. Subsequently, most of the blockchains that have followed bitcoin have also focused on building atop of a public blockchain.
This raises the question:
Does a hash need to be generated on the public blockchain, or can it be generated on a private blockchain while using a public counterpart exclusively for verification?
Enter Hybrid Blockchain.
Hybrid blockchain offers the benefits of both public blockchain and private blockchain.
Firstly, hybrid blockchain consists of the public blockchain (that all participants are a part of) and a private network (also referred to as a permissioned network) that restricts participation to those invited by a centralised body.
Secondly, this private network generates the record (hash) of transactions which is stored and verified on the public blockchain.
The benefits of the private blockchain include faster transaction speeds, privacy of the data/ content and a centralised control over providing access to the blockchain.
Hybrid provides an enterprise-ready blockchain solution that is much better suited to highly regulated enterprises and governments as it enables them to have the flexibility and control over what data is kept private versus shared on a public ledger. Coupled with the operational needs of faster transaction times, security and auditability features that are not suited to public blockchains.
Large enterprises want the benefits that blockchain can deliver without the associated risks of a public blockchain. Especially as blockchain is still nascent and evolving.
This enterprise-need for a suitable blockchain solution has resulted in creation of several private-public blockchain focused projects including R3 Consortium, IBM’s Hyperledger and the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance.
In a Fortune article published in February, 2017, we can already see acknowledgement of the benefits of embracing a hybrid blockchain by Bank of New York Mellon.
That interconnection of public and private chains actually creates a very strong network,” Batlin said on a call with Fortune. “Each chain strengthens the other at an exponential level.” Alex Batlin, blockchain lead at Bank of New York Mellon
Current Hybrid Blockchains:
XinFin [ XDCE ]
Launched in 2017, XinFin completed their ICO in March, 2018 after successfully launching their first dApp, TradeFinex — a global trade and finance platform.
XinFin is the first hybrid blockchain and currently the only hybrid blockchain. It is built on both Ethereum, a public blockchain, and Quorum, a private blockchain. Quorum is an enterprise-focused version of Ethereum developed by J.P. Morgan of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance.
Their hybrid network runs on a delegated proof-of-stake consensus (DPOS) between trusted master nodes with both smart contracts and IoT atop of the protocol. This allows real time data to be uploaded on blockchain.
It is still early days for XinFin yet they have completed over a dozen pilots across supply chain logistics, aviation, HR, payroll, international trade and finance settlements.
Ramco Systems, a global $1 billion enterprise software company, partnered with XinFin to provide their hybrid blockchain solutions for their clients to implement a supply chain logistic blockchain.
Ripple [ XRP ]… Are they heading in the direction of hybrid blockchain?
Launched in 2012, Ripple is currently ranked 3rd by market cap on Coinmarketcap website with $30B valuation.
Ripple’s focus is to connect banks, payment providers and digital asset exchanges to process and provide liquidity for payments via RippleNet, a private blockchain variant.
Stefan Thomas, CTO Ripple & co-creator of Interledger payment protocol, published an article on Dec 26th 2017 in “The Death of The ICO” (and 4 other predictions). One of his five predictions was ‘The Birth of Hybrid Blockchains”:
“Until now we’ve seen a proliferation of both public blockchains like bitcoin and private blockchains like Hyperledger Fabric. Going forward, I think we’ll start to see the rise of hybrid blockchains, which combine the best of both worlds.”
In July the same year, Shivdeep Dhaliwal published an article in from his email communications with Marcus Treacher, Ripples Global Head of Strategic Accounts.
“Banks Need ‘Hybrid Approach to Blockchain Technology’: Ripple’s Marcus Treacher”,
Are Stefan Thomas and Marcus Treacher’s predictions of hybrid blockchains a hint that Ripple may offering a hybrid blockchain solution to their clients in the near future?
Dr W. Scott Stornetta’s work from 1991–1997 predated blockchain and is based on the premise that a generated hash from a private network needs decentralised public verification. This by definition is hybrid blockchain.
Private networks provide the first small step for enterprise to embrace blockchain technology. Hybrid provides them the next step without losing the benefits of private networks.
Stefan Thomas’ predictions for hybrid blockchain adoption are becoming a reality.
David Freuden is blockchain advisor to IIB Council of Blockchain Professionals and XinFin
